-
1 Nylon
Nylon was first made in the laboratories of E.I. du Pont de Nemours, of Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A., under the direction of the late Dr. W. H. Carothers as a result of researches started 1928. In October, 1938, it -was announced to the world that a new form of textile fibre had been made by man, and that " nylon " was to be its name. Nylon stockings were on sale to the general public in U.S.A. on May 15, 1940, and many other items of wearing apparel were shown at the New York Pair that summer. In Great Britain, plans made jointly before the war by Courtaulds and Imperial Chemical Industries were responsible for production being started in 1941 by British Nylon Spinners Limited. The " 66 " polymer (each molecule of these reagents contains 6 carbon atoms and hence the name or designation " 66 ") was first made in 1935. Nylon is a name, not for a single material, but for a whole class or family of entirely new materials. There are many nylons and there may be many more. Nylon is the generic or family name for them all, just as glass and coal are names of classes of substances. Nylon, in the general sense, is a man-made material having a chemical composition akin to proteins, of which silk, hair and wool are examples, although nylon has not an exact counterpart in nature. It is not an " artificial " product, nor a man-made copy of a natural material. It can be made up into powders, sheets, solutions, strands or yarns, each with special properties according to requirements. The " 66 " polymer, from which yam is made, was synthesised in 1933, although not announced to the world until October, 1938. The raw material from which the diamine and acid for making " 66 " polymer are obtained are phenol from coal, oxygen and nitrogen from the air, and hydrogen from water. Particularly suitable where high elasticity is required. Uses include parachute fabrics, tyre cords, glider tow ropes, shoe laces webbing, braid, tape and thread, fully-fashioned hosiery, seamless hosiery, underwear fabrics, lace, nets, dress fabrics, marquisettes, neckties, transparent velvet, coated fabrics for raincoats and food covers. Industrial uses include shoe fabrics, sash cords, window screens, filters and bolting fabrics, also slip covers, motor car upholstery, shirtings, tents and shower curtains. -
2 ненайлоновые материалы
Makarov: non-nylon materialsУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > ненайлоновые материалы
-
3 полиамидные пластики
1) Engineering: nylon materials2) Plastics: polyamide plasticsУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > полиамидные пластики
-
4 Dickson, J.T.
[br]b. c.1920 Scotland[br]Scottish co-inventor of the polyester fibre, Terylene.[br]The introduction of one type of artificial fibre encouraged chemists to look for more. J.T.Dickson and J.R. Whinfield discovered one such fibre in 1941 when they derived polyester from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. Dickson, a 21-year-old Edinburgh graduate, was working under Whinfield at the Calico Printers' Association research laboratory at Broad Oak Print Works in Accrington. He was put onto fibre research: probably in April, but certainly by 5 July 1941, a murky-looking resin had been synthesized, out of which Dickson successfully drew a filament, which was named "Terylene" by its discoverers. Owing to restrictions imposed in Britain during the Second World War, this fibre was developed initially by the DuPont Company in the USA, where it was marketed under the name "Dacron". When Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) were able to manufacture it in Britain, it acquired the brand name "Terylene" and became very popular. Under the microscope, Terylene appears identical to nylon: longitudinally, it is completely devoid of any structure and the filaments appear as glass rods with a perfectly circular cross-section. The uses of Terylene are similar to those of nylon, but it has two advantages. First, it can be heat-set by exposing the fabric to a temperature about 30°C higher than is likely to be encountered in everyday use, and therefore can be the basis for "easy-care" clothing such as drip-dry shirts. It can be blended with other fibres such as wool, and when pressed at a high temperature the creases are remarkably durable. It is also remarkably resistant to chemicals, which makes it particularly suitable for industrial purposes under conditions where other textile materials would be degraded rapidly. Dickson later worked for ICI.[br]Further ReadingFor accounts of the discovery of Terylene, see: J.R.Whinfield, 1953, Textile Research Journal (May). R.Collins, 1991, "Terylene", Historian 30 (Spring).Accounts of the introduction of svnthetic fibres are covered in: D.S.Lyle, 1982, Modern Textiles, New York.S.R.Cockett, An Introduction to Man-Made Fibres.G.R.Wray, Modern Yarn Production.RLH -
5 Carothers, Wallace Hume
[br]b. 27 April 1896 Burlington, Iowa, USAd. 29 April 1937 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA[br]American chemist, inventor of nylon.[br]After graduating in chemistry, Carothers embarked on academic research at several universities, finally at Harvard University. His earliest published papers, from 1923, heralded the brilliance and originality of his later work. In 1928, Du Pont de Nemours persuaded him to forsake the academic world to lead their new organic-chemistry group in a programme of fundamental research at their central laboratories at Wilmington, Delaware. The next nine years were extraordinarily productive, yielding important contributions to theoretical organic chemistry and the foundation of two branches of chemical industry, namely the production of synthetic rubber and of wholly synthetic fibres.Carothers began work on high molecular weight substances yielding fibres and introduced polymerization by condensation: polymerization by addition was already known. He developed a clear understanding of the relation between the repeating structural units in a large molecule and its physical chemical properties. In 1931, Carothers found that chloroprene could be polymerized much faster than isoprene, the monomer in natural rubber. This process yielded polychloroprene or neoprene, a synthetic rubber with improved properties. Manufacture began the following year, and the material has continued to be used for speciality rubbers.There followed many publications announcing new condensations polymers. On 2 January 1935, he obtained a patent for the formation of new polyamides, including one from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamene. After four years of development work, which cost Du Pont some $27 million, this new polyamide, or nylon, reached the stage of commercial production, beginning on 23 October 1938. Nylon stockings appeared the following year and 64 million were sold during the first twelve months. However, Carothers saw none of this spectacular success: he had died by his own hand in 1937, after a long history of gradually intensifying depression.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsElected to the National Academy of Science 1936 (he was the first industrial organic chemist to be so honoured).BibliographyH.M.Whitby and G.S.Whitby, 1940, Collected Papers of Wallace H.Carothers on Polymerisation, New York.Further ReadingR.Adams, 1939, memoir, Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 20:293–309 (includes a complete list of Carothers's sixty-two scientific papers and most of his sixty-nine US patents).LRDBiographical history of technology > Carothers, Wallace Hume
-
6 Stoff
m; -(e)s, -e2. (Substanz) substance; pflanzliche / synthetische Stoffe vegetable matter Sg. / synthetic materials; leicht entflammbare Stoffe inflammable substances ( oder materials); aus einem besseren Stoff gemacht fig. made of better stuff3. (Thema) subject matter; in der Schule: auch material; (Thema) topic; (Gesprächsstoff) topic(s Pl.) (for discussion); zu einem Roman etc.: material (zu, für for); zu vermittelnder / beherrschender Stoff material to be passed on / taken in; Stoff zum Nachdenken food for thought; der Stoff wurde mehrfach verfilmt this subject has been filmed several times* * *der Stoff(Gewebe) cloth; fabric; textile;(Material) matter; material; substance;(Thema) matter; subject* * *Stọff [ʃtɔf]m -(e)s, -e1) material, fabric; (als Materialart) cloth2) (no pl = Materie) matter3) (=Substanz CHEM) substance; (= Papierstoff) pulp4) (= Gegenstand, Thema) subject (matter); (= Unterhaltungsstoff, Diskussionsstoff) topic, subject; (= Material) materialder Vortrag bot reichlich Stoff für eine Diskussion — the lecture provided plenty of material or topics for discussion
5) (inf = Rauschgift) dope (inf), stuff (inf)* * *der1) ((a type of) cloth or material: Nylon is a man-made fabric.) fabric2) (cloth: I'd like three metres of blue woollen material.) material* * *<-[e]s, -e>[ʃtɔf]m1. (Textil) material, cloth2. (Material) material3. CHEM substance* * *der; Stoff[e]s, Stoffe1) (für Textilien) material; fabric2) (Materie) substance3) o. Pl. (Philos.) matter4) (Thema) subject[-matter]5) (Gesprächsthema) topic* * *Stoff für ein Kleid kaufen buy material for a dress2. (Substanz) substance;pflanzliche/synthetische Stoffe vegetable matter sg/synthetic materials;leicht entflammbare Stoffe inflammable substances ( oder materials);aus einem besseren Stoff gemacht fig made of better stuff3. (Thema) subject matter; in der Schule: auch material; (Thema) topic; (Gesprächsstoff) topic(s pl) (for discussion); zu einem Roman etc: material (zu, für for);zu vermittelnder/beherrschender Stoff material to be passed on/taken in;Stoff zum Nachdenken food for thought;der Stoff wurde mehrfach verfilmt this subject has been filmed several times4. nur sg; umg (Alkohol, Rauschgift) stuff;sich (dat)Stoff besorgen get o.s. some dope* * *der; Stoff[e]s, Stoffe1) (für Textilien) material; fabric2) (Materie) substance3) o. Pl. (Philos.) matter4) (Thema) subject[-matter]5) (Gesprächsthema) topic* * *-e m.cloth n.material n.stuff n.substance n.woven fabric n. -
7 Whinfield, John Rex
[br]b. 16 February 1901 Sutton, Surrey, Englandd. 6 July 1955 Dorking, Surrey, England[br]English inventor ofTerylene.[br]Whinfield was educated at Merchant Taylors' School and Caius College, Cambridge, where he studied chemistry. Before embarking on his career as a research chemist, he worked as an un-paid assistant to the chemist C.F. Cross, who had taken part in the discovery of rayon. Whinfield then joined the Calico Printers' Association. There his interest was aroused by the discovery of nylon by W.H. Carothers to seek other polymers which could be produced in fibre form, usable by the textile industries. With his colleague J.T. Dickson, he discovered in 1941 that a polymerized condensate of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol, polyethylene terephthgal-late, could be drawn into strong fibres. Whinfield and Dickson filed a patent application in the same year, but due to war conditions it was not published until 1946. The Ministry of Supply considered that the new material might have military applications and undertook further research and development. Its industrial and textile possibilities were evaluated by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) in 1943 and "Terylene", as it came to be called, was soon recognized as being as important as nylon.In 1946, Dupont acquired rights to work the Calico Printers' Association patent in the USA and began large-scale manufacture in 1954, marketing the product under the name "Dacron". Meanwhile ICI purchased world rights except for the USA and reached the large-scale manufacture stage in 1955. A new branch of the textile industry has grown up from Whinfield's discovery: he lived to see most people in the western world wearing something made of Terylene. It was one of the major inventions of the twentieth century, yet Whinfield, perhaps because he published little, received scant recognition, apart from the CBE in 1954.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCBE 1954.Further ReadingObituary, 1966, The Times (7 July).Obituary, 1967, Chemistry in Britain 3:26.J.Jewkes, D.Sawers and R.Stillerman, 1969, The Sources of Invention, 2nd edn, London: Macmillan.LRD -
8 stoff
m; -(e)s, -e2. (Substanz) substance; pflanzliche / synthetische Stoffe vegetable matter Sg. / synthetic materials; leicht entflammbare Stoffe inflammable substances ( oder materials); aus einem besseren Stoff gemacht fig. made of better stuff3. (Thema) subject matter; in der Schule: auch material; (Thema) topic; (Gesprächsstoff) topic(s Pl.) (for discussion); zu einem Roman etc.: material (zu, für for); zu vermittelnder / beherrschender Stoff material to be passed on / taken in; Stoff zum Nachdenken food for thought; der Stoff wurde mehrfach verfilmt this subject has been filmed several times* * *der Stoff(Gewebe) cloth; fabric; textile;(Material) matter; material; substance;(Thema) matter; subject* * *Stọff [ʃtɔf]m -(e)s, -e1) material, fabric; (als Materialart) cloth2) (no pl = Materie) matter3) (=Substanz CHEM) substance; (= Papierstoff) pulp4) (= Gegenstand, Thema) subject (matter); (= Unterhaltungsstoff, Diskussionsstoff) topic, subject; (= Material) materialder Vortrag bot reichlich Stoff für eine Diskussion — the lecture provided plenty of material or topics for discussion
5) (inf = Rauschgift) dope (inf), stuff (inf)* * *der1) ((a type of) cloth or material: Nylon is a man-made fabric.) fabric2) (cloth: I'd like three metres of blue woollen material.) material* * *<-[e]s, -e>[ʃtɔf]m1. (Textil) material, cloth2. (Material) material3. CHEM substance* * *der; Stoff[e]s, Stoffe1) (für Textilien) material; fabric2) (Materie) substance3) o. Pl. (Philos.) matter4) (Thema) subject[-matter]5) (Gesprächsthema) topic* * *…stoff m im subst1. (Material, Substanz):Heizstoff heating material;Ersatzstoff substitute;Geruchsstoff aromatic substance;Geschmacksstoff flavo(u)ring2. (Textil):Frotteestoff towel(l)ing, terrycloth;Gardinenstoff curtain material;Kleiderstoff dress material;Leinenstoff linen (material)3. fig (Thema etc):Diskussionsstoff topic(s) for discussion;Filmstoff material for a film;Romanstoff material for a novel* * *der; Stoff[e]s, Stoffe1) (für Textilien) material; fabric2) (Materie) substance3) o. Pl. (Philos.) matter4) (Thema) subject[-matter]5) (Gesprächsthema) topic* * *-e m.cloth n.material n.stuff n.substance n.woven fabric n. -
9 Kunststoff
m plastic; aus Kunststoff (made of) plastic* * *der Kunststoffsynthetic material; plastic* * *Kụnst|stoffmman-made or synthetic material or substance* * *((a substance) produced artificially by a chemical process: nylon and other synthetic materials / synthetics.) synthetic* * *Kunst·stoffm synthetic material, plastic* * *der synthetic material; plastic* * *Kunststoff m plastic;aus Kunststoff (made of) plastic* * *der synthetic material; plastic* * *m.plastics n.synthetic material n.synthetics n. -
10 synthetic
[sɪnˈθetɪk] noun, adjective(a substance) produced artificially by a chemical process:تَرْكيبي، إصْطِناعيnylon and other synthetic materials / synthetics.
-
11 اصطناعي (غير طبيعي)
اِصْطِناعيّ (غير طبيعي) \ synthetic: (of materials) not natural; made by man as a copy of sth. natural: Nylon is a synthetic material. This bag is not real leather, it is only synthetic. \ See Also صناعي (صِناعيّ) \ اِصْطِناعيّ \ artificial. \ See Also مُصْطَنَع -
12 صناعي
صِناعيّ \ artificial: adj. (of teeth, light, silk, etc.) not natural; made by man. False: not natural: false teeth. industrial: concerning or having industry: Birmingham is an industrial city. synthetic: (of materials) not natural; made by man as a copy of sth. natural: Nylon is a synthetic material. This bag is not real leather, it is only synthetic. -
13 False
صِناعيّ \ artificial: adj. (of teeth, light, silk, etc.) not natural; made by man. False: not natural: false teeth. industrial: concerning or having industry: Birmingham is an industrial city. synthetic: (of materials) not natural; made by man as a copy of sth. natural: Nylon is a synthetic material. This bag is not real leather, it is only synthetic. -
14 artificial
صِناعيّ \ artificial: adj. (of teeth, light, silk, etc.) not natural; made by man. False: not natural: false teeth. industrial: concerning or having industry: Birmingham is an industrial city. synthetic: (of materials) not natural; made by man as a copy of sth. natural: Nylon is a synthetic material. This bag is not real leather, it is only synthetic. -
15 industrial
صِناعيّ \ artificial: adj. (of teeth, light, silk, etc.) not natural; made by man. False: not natural: false teeth. industrial: concerning or having industry: Birmingham is an industrial city. synthetic: (of materials) not natural; made by man as a copy of sth. natural: Nylon is a synthetic material. This bag is not real leather, it is only synthetic. -
16 synthetic
صِناعيّ \ artificial: adj. (of teeth, light, silk, etc.) not natural; made by man. False: not natural: false teeth. industrial: concerning or having industry: Birmingham is an industrial city. synthetic: (of materials) not natural; made by man as a copy of sth. natural: Nylon is a synthetic material. This bag is not real leather, it is only synthetic. -
17 synthetic
اِصْطِناعيّ (غير طبيعي) \ synthetic: (of materials) not natural; made by man as a copy of sth. natural: Nylon is a synthetic material. This bag is not real leather, it is only synthetic. \ See Also صناعي (صِناعيّ)
См. также в других словарях:
Materials for use in vacuum — are materials showing very low rate of outgassing in vacuum, and, where applicable, tolerant to the bake out temperatures. The requirements grow increasingly stringent with the desired degree of vacuum achievable in the vacuum chamber. The… … Wikipedia
nylon — ylon n. 1. Any of several thermoplastic polyamide plastics, comprising a family of high strength resilient synthetic materials, used mostly in fibers. [WordNet 1.5] 2. A synthetic fabric consisting of fibers of nylon[wn1]. [WordNet 1.5] 3. pl.… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
nylon — ☆ nylon [nī′län΄ ] n. [arbitrary coinage, infl. by (COTT)ON and (RAY)ON] 1. any of a group of synthetic long chain polymeric amides with recurring amide groups, made into fiber, yarn, bristles, sheets, molded plastics, etc. that have great… … English World dictionary
Nylon — For other uses, see Nylon (disambiguation). Nylon Density 1.15 g/cm3 Electrical conductivity (σ) 10 … Wikipedia
Nylon riots — The nylon riots refer to a series of disturbances at American stores created by a nylon stocking shortage. Nylon was first introduced around 1939 and was rapidly in extremely high demand in the US, with up to 4 million pairs of stockings bought… … Wikipedia
materials science — the study of the characteristics and uses of various materials, as glass, plastics, and metals. [1960 65] * * * Study of the properties of solid materials and how those properties are determined by the material s composition and structure, both… … Universalium
materials — (New American Roget s College Thesaurus) Substances used to produce goods Nouns 1. materials, raw materials, substances, stuff; stock, staples; fuel; grist; stores, goods, provisions (see store); means; baggage, personal property. 2. a. wood,… … English dictionary for students
nylon — noun Etymology: coined word Date: 1938 1. any of numerous strong tough elastic synthetic polyamide materials that are fashioned into fibers, filaments, bristles, or sheets and used especially in textiles and plastics 2. plural stockings made of… … New Collegiate Dictionary
nylon — ny·lon nī .län n any of numerous strong tough elastic synthetic polyamide materials that are fashioned into fibers, filaments, bristles, or sheets <nylon sutures and prosthetic devices> * * * ny·lon (niґlon) a synthetic polymerized plastic… … Medical dictionary
nylon — and Nylon® A type of polymer produced by a chemical process, capable of being pulled into fibers commonly made into such materials as fabrics and cords, which are noted for their strength and elasticity … Glossary of Art Terms
consumable materials — Materials that are used in a production process although, unlike direct materials, they do not form part of the prime cost. Examples are cooling fluid for production machinery, lubricating oil, and sanding discs. In circumstances in which direct… … Accounting dictionary
